Sitting M2M Antennas In Poor Signal Areas

A client is installing a GSM/GPRS modem connected to an electricity meter in the basement of a block of flats. GSM/GPRS networks work on a line of sight principle i.e the modem antenna needs to have a direct view of the base station via an M2M antenna If obstacles are in the way, some signal is absorbed. The amount of signal absorbed depends on the materials of the building. A plasterboard building would not absorb much signal whereas a basement with several layers of concrete floors above would absorb a lot of signal.

In this instance, we would expect poor performance from the modem in terms of cellsites seen with a localized M2M antenna so there are 3 considerations to think about.

USE A HIGH GAIN ANTENNA

Much focus has been made to produce smaller M2M antennas for discrete designs. There are many modelling software packages to design these sorts of antennas but they should be left to the cellular handset market who have to produce something at the lowest possible cost. Quality of Service is not essential in the consumer market however for an alarm panel supplier - it probably is. Compare an iPhone cellular performance with a 5110 and using the sensible stub antenna versus an embedded antenna and the signal results are evident.

The wavelength of the signal from the era of the Nokia 5110 to the iPhone has not changed. Vodafone for instance have always operated on 900MHz, and the length of the antenna is relative in order to pick up the 900MHz signal. As a rule of thumb, the bigger physical size the antenna is (providing it is tuned to the frequency) the better the antenna should work as it is relative to the wavelength of the frequency.

Taking the 900MHz centre frequency, a quarterwave length is 7cm and a half wavelength 30cm. A halfwave length will provide approximately 3dB (5dBi) of gain. This gain improves the signal performance being received and is therefore a good thing.

PLACEMENT OF ANTENNA

As mentioned previously, GSM/GPRS (and most of today's wireless equipment) operate on a line of sight basis. Therefore the installer would need to consider mounting the M2M antenna as high above the ground as possible to increase the chances of the M2M antenna being visible to the cell tower. In the instance of a basement installation, trying to get it above ground level is a challenge enough and in this instance cable is key.

CABLE LENGTH

Radio signal travelling along cable is susceptible to loss in the same way as listening to an AM station in the car and travelling through a tunnel, the station signal reception is lost until you reach the other side. Different cables have different loss levels and higher frequencies have worse loss characteristics than lower frequencies. For instance, the UK cellular networks is made up of 4 main players.
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Everything You Need to Know About Router Bits

What Is A Router Bit?

A router bit is a cutting tool used with a router to rout out (or hollow out) spaces in the surface of a generally hard work piece. Although routers and router bits are more commonly used in woodworking applications like cabinetry and carpentry, these cutting tools can also perform in metals, plastics and various other materials. Essentially, though, these cutters are used to create joinery aids (like a dovetail joint) or to embellish work pieces with decorative or ornate effects (like formed edges, intricate inlays or surface work). With the right router bit, users can cut, trim, and shape work pieces with staggering versatility; these bits are available in numerous profiles and can be custom fabricated to create virtually any profile conceivable.

Types Of Router Bit

Of course, there are many different types of router bit and although they all serve the same general purpose, they each do different things and achieve different results. A good router bit, though, should be sharp, should retain its sharp edge, and should be well balanced; this produces a bit that will last longer and will "chatter" or vibrate less during use. Conversely, bits of lesser quality tend to wear faster, chip easier, and chatter more aggressively. The following, then, is a basic breakdown of how router bits are most commonly categorized and their respective routing applications.

Router Bit Profiles And Applications:

As aforementioned, there are numerous bit designs and, according to that profile, each bit has a different specialization. The following, then, briefly sums-up (in alphabetical order) the most common bit types and the things those bits do best.

Ball End Router Bits:

As the name indicates, ball end bits have a ball or sphere shaped formation at their bottom which routs out channels for pipes and cables.

Bull nose Router Bits:

Bull nose bits are designed to create a (convex) rounded edge on the front edge of a work piece .

Chamfering Router Bits:

Chamfering bits produce a clean angled bevel cut. These are commonly used in joinery for concealed joints and beveled edges in constructions with multiple sides. Chamfer bits are also used to create a decorative (albeit plain) angled edge.

Combination Router Bits:

Combination bits are primarily used in trimming to trim softer materials and, particularly, veneers.

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Franklin Wireless 4G Modem a Champ With Providing Wi-Fi Signal

Finally, I can say that I was able to access the Internet at the grandparents house, a low-tech enclave best known as a weekend getaway, along with a dose of tranquility. As relaxing as it is, there is no available Wi-Fi signal within range of the comfortable couches in the family room.

So the lack of being connected to the world was bothering us until I discovered the Franklin Wireless USB Modem from C Spire Wireless. Let's bump it up a bit and make that a "4G LTE Smart" modem available on what C Spire calls the first "personalizing wireless services" experience.

In less than a minute, at least two of the three indicator lights will indicate a Wi-Fi signal with a red glow and, in my case, a 4G signal as a blue glow. Any 3G signal will show as a green glow.

Surrounded by a family tree of photos of past generations from my wife's family, it was time to bring a heavy presence of technology to the old homestead. First up was a MacBook Pro that connected to the "C Spire 4G LTE Hotspot 3315" in the available Wi-Fi list with no problems. Then an iPhone 5 connected and was off and running on C Spire's 4G network. The iPad was next in line, followed by an iPhone 4S. Again, no problems connecting.

Since we were having a good time, I decided to go for five devices, which is the maximum number of connections for the Franklin Wireless hotspot modem.

Next on the runway was a Nook Color, my dependable e-reader that I thought might be the curve ball that the Franklin Wireless 4G modem would miss. But it was another home run for the hotspot modem as my wife and I moved from device to device - enjoying a high-speed Internet connections at the grandparents place that we had wished for in past visits.

The Franklin Wireless modem is super easy to use. The hardest part was inserting the C Spire USIM card, as the sliding cover on the modem can be a little fussy. The device is designed to turn on automatically when connected to a USB power source using the AC-to-USB adapter, a cigarette lighter USB charger or an external USB battery pack.

You'll also need to keep in mind that no Wi-Wi password is set by default for the wireless modem and your precious signal will be open to everyone to enjoy. A password can be set by accessing the Web interface.

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Machine to Machine: What Is A Wireless Sensor Network?

When people ask "What's a Wireless Sensor Network", they generally are not network engineers nor do they understand the subtleties in networking lingo. Yet, at a conceptual level, Wireless Sensor Networks are not difficult to understand if you start with a little knowledge most of us already possess about Wi-Fi.

We have become quite adept at connecting our PC, Mac, smart phone, tablet, etc. to Wi-Fi networks and hot spots. For simplicity we will use the term PC generically to represent the array of computers and smart devices that connect to a Wi-Fi network. Using networking terminology, your PC is considered a node when it is attached to a Wi-Fi network. In this case, the node or your PC is 'smart' because it is capable of advanced computing and communications functions. Most PC's have a powerful 32 or 64 bit processor. In order to connect the PC to the Wi-Fi network, it must have a radio that communicates wirelessly to an access point which is usually a modem or network hot spot.

In the case of a wireless sensor network, the nodes are 'smart' just like a Wi-Fi network, but instead of being PC's they are sensors. This can be any type of sensor such as temperature, light, sound, pressure, vibration, detect gas, decay, motion, etc. Just like the PC's in a Wi-Fi network, sensor nodes have processors, but tend to be less powerful (usually 8-bit microprocessors).

Wireless sensor networks differ from Wi-Fi networks in that they are designed for managing sensors. This may seem obvious, but under the hood WSN's are designed to consume significantly less power. This differs from Wi-Fi networks in two fundamental ways. First, unlike a PC, sensor nodes may need to run for months or years on a pair of AA+ batteries. This means each component of the node and network must be optimized to conserve power. Most sensor nodes use smaller 8 bit microprocessor rather than their more powerful and high energy consuming 32-bit cousins found in PC's. When the nodes on a WSN are not being used, they are put into sleep mode.

Second, Wi-Fi networks use a significant amount of bandwidth and therefore a significant amount of radio power. For example, Wi-Fi is designed to handle large volumes of data such as movies, videos, music, and other large files. Sensor data, on the other hand, only needs a fraction of the network bandwidth because it's closer to the size of a tweet. Because node data is significantly less, WSN's use a smaller amount bandwidth. This means nodes connected to a WSN's also uses less radio power conserving node battery life.

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